Impactos de género del comercio interregional
Resumen
Tras dos décadas de negociaciones, la Unión Europea (UE) y Mercosur celebraron un nuevo Acuerdo de Asociación en 2019. Estructurado en torno a tres pilares (diálogo político, cooperación y comercio), el acuerdo aún está pendiente de ratificación pero ha suscitado fuertes críticas. La mayoría de las preocupaciones abordan el efecto de la liberalización del comercio en las agendas sociales y ambientales. Este artículo contribuye a este debate, realizando un análisis cualitativo sobre el impacto potencial del acuerdo en la igualdad de género en la UE y el Mercosur. Partiendo del supuesto de la erudición feminista de que el comercio tiene un efecto inevitable sobre el género, este artículo sostiene que los acuerdos comerciales interregionales pueden ser un instrumento político útil para promover la igualdad de género. Sin embargo, esta investigación demuestra que, hasta ahora, el Acuerdo de Asociación UE-Mercosur ha desaprovechado esta oportunidad. El texto provisional no refleja un enfoque de transversalización de género, carece de los mecanismos adecuados para gestionar sus efectos sobre las mujeres. Como resultado, el nuevo instrumento de liberalización del comercio interregional corre el riesgo de ampliar la desigualdad de género en ambas regiones.Palabras clave:
acuerdos comerciales regionales, inequidad de género, Unión Europea, MercosurReferencias
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Bedford, K. & Rai, S. (2010). Feminists Theorize International Political Economy. Signs, vol. 36, n.1, pp.1-18/
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Brodsky, A., Lim, J. & Reinsch, W. (2021). Women and Trade. How Trade Agreements Can Level the Gender Playing Field. A Report of the CSIS Scholl Chair in International Business.
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Ezeani, E. (2011). The WTO and its Development Obligations: Prospects for global trade. London: Anthem Press.
Fontana, M. (2009). Gender Justice in Trade Policy: The Gender Effects of Economic Partnership Agreements. London: One World Action.
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Frohmann, A. (2017) Gender Equality and Trade Policy. World Trade Institute Working Paper n. 24.
Ghiotto, L. & Echaide, J. (2019). Analysis of the Agreement between the EU and Mercosur. Buenos Aires. Brussels, December 2019. Available at: https://www.annacavazzini.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Study-on-the-EU-Mercosur-agreement-09.01.2020-1.pdf (last access: 05 April 2021).
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Available at; https://www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/gender_equality-egalite_genres/gba_plus_summary-acs_plus_resume.aspx?lang=eng (last access: 11 December 2021).
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Hoffman, A. (2014). Gender mainstreaming in Mercosur and Mercosur–EU trade relations. In: van der Vleuten, A., van Eerdewijk, A. & Roggeband, C. (eds), Gender Equality Norms in Regional Governance - Transnational Dynamics in Europe, South America and Southern Africa. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
ILO (2017). World Employment Social Outlook. Trends for Women. Geneva.
ITC (2020). Mainstreaming Gender in Free Trade Agreements. Geneva: July.
IISD (2021). WTO Heads for a Ministerial Declaration on Trade and Gender. 10 November. Available at: https://sdg.iisd.org/commentary/policy-briefs/wto-heads-for-a-ministerial-declaration-on-trade-and-gender/ (last access: 10 September 2021).
Jaggar, A. (2001). Is Globalization Good for Women? Comparative literature, vol. 53, no. 4, 2001, pp. 298-314.
Meyer, M. & Prugl, E. (eds) (1999). Gender Politics in Global Governance. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.
Pavese, C. (2021). The Impact of the European Union-Mercosur Association Agreement on gender inequality: A global South perspective. Conjuntura Austral, vol 12, n.59, pp.106-118.
Peterson, S. (2005). V. How (the meaning of) gender matters in political economy. New Political Economy, vol 10, n.4, pp. 499–521.
Pomatto, V.(2019). Gender, trade, and employment. Available at: https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/public-gender/minisite/gender-trade-and-employment (last access: 30 March 2021).
Sanahuja, J. & Rodriguez, J. (2019). Veinte años de negociaciones Unión Europea-Mercosur: Del interregionalismo a la crisis de la globalización. Documentos de Trabajon. 13, Madri: Fundación Carolina.
The Beijing Declaration and the Platform for Action. Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, China, 4-15 September 1995. New York: Dept. of Public Information, United Nations.
UNCTAD. (2020). Gender and Trade. Retrieved from https://unctad.org/webflyer/gender-and-trade
Valdivieso (2009). Género, globalización y desarrollo. In: Giron, A. (ed.). Género y globalización. Buenos Aires: Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales – CLACSO.
Walby, S. (2005). Introduction: Comparative gender mainstreaming in a global era. International Feminist Journal of Politics, vol 7, n. 4, pp. 453-47.
Waylen, G. (2006). You Still Don't Understand: Why Troubled Engagements Continue between Feminists and (Critical) IPE. Review of International Studies, vol. 32, n.1, pp. 145- 164.
Williams, M. (2003). Gender Mainstreaming in the Multilateral Trading System. A handbook for policymakers and other stakeholders. London: Commonwealth Secretariat.
World Bank. (2021). Gini Index (World Bank estimate). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2019&start=1967&view=chart (last access: 10 April 2021).
World Economic Forum (2021). Global Gender Gap Report 2021. Insight Report, March. Available at: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2021.pdf (last access: 30 June 2021).
WTO (2006). Recommendations of the Task Force on Aid for Trade. WT/AFT/1, 27 July. Available at: https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S009DP.aspx?language=E&CatalogueIdList=58379&CurrentCatalogueIdIndex=0&FullTextHash=&HasEnglishRecord=True&HasFrenchRecord=True&HasSpanishRecord=True (last access: 10 September 2021).
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WTO (2021b). Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender. Available at: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/womenandtrade_e/iwg_trade_gender_e.htm (last access: 10 September 2021).
WTO (2021c). Joint Ministerial Declaration on the Advancement of Gender Equality and Women's Economic Empowerment Within Trade. 12th WTO Ministerial Conference .Available at: https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S009-DP.aspx?language=E&CatalogueIdList=278631,278632,278621&CurrentCatalogueIdIndex=1&FullTextHash=371857150&HasEnglishRecord=True&HasFrenchRecord=True&HasSpanishRecord=False (last access: 10 September 2021).
WTO (2021d), WTO launches Gender Research Hub to promote cooperation on trade and gender issues. Available at: https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/iwgtg_31may21_e.htm (last access: 11 December 2021).
WTO (2021e). Twelfth WTO Ministerial Conference. Available at: https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc12_e/mc12_e.htm (last access: 10 September 2021).
WTO (2021f). The Evolution of Gender-Related Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements. Staff Working Paper ERSD-2021-8 24 February
